De US Copyright Office accepteert geen registraties van (mede) door AI gegenereerd werk, nou en?
01/03
2023
2023
Kashtanova is artiest en productontwikkelaar bij Ministudio.AI, een dienst gericht op AI-gedreven visuele ontwerpen. Zoals graphic novels dus, waarvoor zhij een jaar geleden het plot schreef en met de Midjourney tool de bijbehorende grafische voorstellingen creëerde. De registratie bij de US Copyright Office was bedoeld om duidelijkheid te krijgen waar de auteursrechten dan liggen.
De US Copyright Office is formeel niet meer dan een registrerende instantie: je kunt daar naar Amerikaans recht je werk deponeren, en met de registratie ben je dan bevoegd een rechtszaak te starten en statutory damages (zeg maar een wettelijk gefixeerde schadeclaim) te doen. Er zit geen inhoudelijke toetsing in, hoewel men wel de bevoegdheid heeft registraties af te wijzen als ze evident niet aan de formele eisen te doen. En dat bleek hier het geval: Kashtanova had haar plan op de socials gedeeld, en dat was een medewerker van het Copyright Office opgevallen.
Dat leidde tot een afwijzingsbrief, die gezien het belang van de zaak gepubliceerd werd.
[W]hile the word “Midjourney” appears on the cover page of the Work, there is no indication of the intent or meaning of the word on the cover. … Because the application had not disclosed the use of artificial intelligence, the Office determined that the application was incorrect, or at a minimum, substantively incomplete.
De USCO vat haar taak van het promoten van het auteursrecht breed op, want ze geeft vervolgens een uitgebreide juridische analyse waarom een AI geen (co-)auteur kan zijn, met zoals het hoort prachtige caselaw:
In cases where non-human authorship is claimed, appellate courts have found that copyright does not protect the alleged creations. For example, the Ninth Circuit held that a book containing words “‘authored’ by non-human spiritual beings” can only gain copyright protection if there is “human selection and arrangement of the revelations.”
Voor de afbeeldingen die Kashtanova via Midjourney genereert, ziet de USCO te weinig menselijke tussenkomst. Weliswaar voert zhij een prompt in, maar die leidt tot meerdere afbeeldingen waarop de mens geen invloed heeft. Dat laat zien dat de overwegende mate van creativiteit dus in de tool zit. Als de prompt leidend was, dan zou er één afbeelding uitkomen, zeg maar:
Rather than a tool that [Mx]. Kashtanova controlled and guided to reach her desired image, Midjourney generates images in an unpredictable way. Accordingly, Midjourney users are not the “authors” for copyright purposes of the images the technology generates. … A person who provides text prompts to Midjourney does not “actually form” the generated images and is not the “master mind” behind them. Instead, as explained above, Midjourney begins the image generation process with a field of visual “noise,” which is refined based on tokens created from user prompts that relate to Midjourney’s training database. The information in the prompt may “influence” generated image, but prompt text does not dictate a specific result.
Men trekt de vergelijking met Adobe Photoshop, dat ook een forse mate van eigen intelligentie inbrengt met de bewerkingstools, maar daarbij geldt wel steeds dat Photoshop doet wat je vraagt (niet lachen daar achterin). De controle ligt daarmee nog steeds bij de mens die Photoshop gebruikt. Dat het veel werk is om de juiste prompts te verzinnen en de beste afbeeldingen te selecteren, dat gelooft men graag, maar is geen creatieve inbreng in de zin van het auteursrecht.
De aanvraag wordt daarmee afgewezen, zij het dat Kashtanova deze mag aanvullen door bijvoorbeeld een disclaimer toe te voegen op de AI afbeeldingen. Zijn die dan publiek domein? Nou ja, in de opinie van de USCO dus wel, maar de Copyright Office is geen rechtbank. Hoewel hun opinie zwaar weegt (en goed onderbouwd is), is dit dus zeker geen uitgemaakte zaak.
Arnoud
Het bericht De US Copyright Office accepteert geen registraties van (mede) door AI gegenereerd werk, nou en? verscheen eerst op Ius Mentis.
Datum: woensdag 1 maart 2023, 08:14
Bron: Iusmentis Blog
Categorie: Internet en ICT
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